All of the following contributed to the inward turn of Islam that began in the 13th century except:
A. the fall of Constantinople.
B. invasions from the east led by the Mongols.
C. al-Ghazzali's emphasis on religious studies.
D. the Crusades.

The fall of Constantinople did not contribute to the inward turn of Islam in the 13th century, as it occurred later and impacted external relations rather than internal reflection. The other factors, including Mongol invasions, Al-Ghazzali's teachings, and the Crusades, were significant contributors to the inward focus of Islam during that period. Thus, the fall of Constantinople is the exception in this context. ;

Answered by GinnyAnswer | 2025-07-07

The correct answer is A: the fall of Constantinople, which occurred after the 13th century and did not contribute to the inward turn of Islam. The inward turn was influenced by Mongol invasions, Al-Ghazzali’s philosophies, and the Crusades. These events prompted internal reflection and a focus on spirituality within Islam.
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Answered by Anonymous | 2025-07-11